Download File Referensi Dari Definisi dan Kutipan Halaman Tentang Component of Speaking Proficiency
Based on Iwashita (2010:33) in speaking proficiency has many component, but the researcher will focus on two object, there are fluency and accuracy. Klik to Download Filenya
Fluency
Fluency as natural language use like the native speakers. That the ability one speaks fluently can sustain the speaker to produce continuous speech and meaning without comprehension difficulties for the listener. eventually put the fluency development into the criteria list of communicative competence for being a successful English speaker. Fluency is also used as a criterion to measure one’s speaking competence. Speaking fluently means being able to communicate one’s ideas without having to stop and think too much about what one is saying. Klik to Download Filenya
Shen (2013) fluency as the ability to get across communicative intent without too much hesitation and too many pauses to cause barriers or a breakdown in communication. Fluency refers to the quality or condition of being able to speak or write a language or perform an action smoothly, accurately and easily, which includes the ability to produce written and/or spoken language with ease, the ability to speak with a good but not necessarily perfect command of intonation, vocabulary, and grammar, the ability to communicate ideas effectively, and the ability to produce continuous speech without causing comprehension difficulties or a breakdown of communication. In other words, accuracy emphasizes precision or exactness and is often emphasized in formal instruction, language acquisition, grammar competence and grammar-translation method, while fluency describes a level of proficiency in communication and is frequently stressed in procedural skill, expression proficiency, lexical phrases, social interaction, necessary topics and discourse. Accuracy is the basis of fluency while fluency is a further improvement of a person‘s linguistic competence and a better revelation of his/her communicative competence. Klik to Download Filenya
In this researcher focus on hesitation. Based on Khojastehrad (2012: 179) Hesitations are pauses of varying lengths, which are not usually left unfilled. They usually occur when a speaker finds himself/herself in a po sition where he/she lacks the words to use or strug gles with cognitive or verbal planning. Klik to Download Filenya
In fluency the researcher will focus on students’ hesitation, students’ speak confidently without irrelevant pauses or hesitation, however, often with making major mistakes. According to Lee (2008:23) various kinds of hesitation such as “um”, “well”, “you know”. Klik to Download Filenya
In addition Rahmatian et al (2014: 107) hesitation in a foreign language is interpreted as a sign of disfluency. disfluent speech is a speech marked with long pauses which cut off the discourse into less well-defined blocks from a syntactic or conceptual point of view. Hesitation that extends beyond three seconds is the sign of a major breakdown, or even premature end to the speech. Hesitation comprises three components: beginnings, pauses, and repetitions. Klik to Download Filenya
The concept of fluency as opposed to the concept of hesitation is centered over the temporal aspects of speech: as the number and duration of hesitation goes up, the speech is considered as less fluent. On a general basis, hesitation in mother tongue allows the speaker to plan his/her speech, to select words, and to articulate. The same is true for a foreign language. However, hesitation in a foreign language is interpreted as a sign of disfluency. Disfluent speech is a speech marked with long pauses which cut off the discourse into less well-defined blocks from a syntactic or conceptual point of view. Hesitation that extends beyond three seconds is the sign of a major breakdown, or even premature end to the speech. Hesitation comprises three components: beginnings, pauses, and repetitions. Each component has sub-components. The following diagram illustrates the phenomenon of hesitation along with its components. Klik to Download Filenya
Erten (2012: 68) Disfluencies are about silent pauses, fillers, false starts, grammatical errors and hesitations. As hesitations and disfluencies are inevitable and in fact, natural, some speakers prefer to resort some filler words or pause fillers. What a speaker wants to convey while using fillers may be actually a signal showing that he is in a cognitive process; in other words, he is thinking. Klik to Download Filenya
1. Pauses
Silences can make or break the conversation: if two persons involved in a conversation have different ideas about the typical length of pauses, they will face problems with turn taking. One person might feel that the silences are long and awkward, while the other person might feel that there is never a silence long enough for them to take the turn. Silences occur in conver-sation for a number of reasons, for example for breathing, think-ing, word-searching and turn taking management. Of course, one may also be silent because the other person is talking. Before we go any further, we need to establish what we mean by silences, and what we mean by pauses. Klik to Download Filenya
2. Fillers,
According to Santos & Alarcón (2016; 192) fillers are also known as pausing or hesitation phenomena which are a commonly occurring feature of natural speech in which gaps or hesitations appear during the production of utterances. The commonest types of pauses are: silent pauses, that is to say, silent breaks between words andfilled pauses which are gaps filled by such expressions as um, er, mm. Klik to Download Filenya
3. Hesitations
Hesitations are pauses with varying length, which are not usually left unfilled. They occur when the speakers are in the need of words or when they plan their next utterance. Speakers do this by stretching sounds, repetitions or fillers. As for another key concept, disfluencies; they can be defined as phonema which interrupts the flow of speech. Klik to Download Filenya
Accuracy
Accuracy is one of the most important criteria to measure one’s linguistic ability and to shelter language users from communication breakdowns. accuracy concerns “the ability to produce grammatically correct sentence. Nevertheless, the terms accuracy seems to cover more than that. Specifically, speaking English accurately means doing without or with few errors on not only grammar but vocabulary and pronunciation, as well. Klik to Download Filenya
In accuracy the researcher will focus on pronounciation. According to In explantion of Shooshtari, Mehrabi & Mousavinia (2013) when talking about pronunciation in language learning we mean the production and perception of significant sounds of the language in order to achieve meaning in contexts of language use, this comprises the production and perception of segmental sounds, of stressed and unstressed syllables, and of 'speech melody', or intonation. Klik to Download Filenya
Based on Yates (2002) Pronunciation refers to the production of sounds that we use to make meaning. It includes attention to the particular sounds of a language (segments), aspects of speech beyond the level of the individual sound, such as intonation, phrasing, stress, timing, rhythm (suprasegmental aspects), how the voice is projected (voice quality) and, in its broadest definition, attention to gestures and expressions that are closely related to the way we speak a language. Klik to Download Filenya
Gilakjani (2012) pronunciation refers to the production of sounds that we use to make meaning. It includes attention to the particular sounds of a language (segments), aspects of speech beyond the level of the individual sound, such as intonation, phrasing, sfress, timing, rhythm (suprasegmental aspects), how the voice is projected (voice qualify) and, in its broadest defmition, attention to gestures and expressions that are closely related to the way we speak a language. Klik to Download Filenya
In addition Laurea (2015: 8) point out the pronunciation refers to how we produce the sounds that we use to make meaning when we speak. It includes the particular consonants and vowels of a language (segments), aspects of speech beyond the level of the individual segments, such as stress, timing, rhythm, intonation, phrasing, (suprasegmental aspects), and how the voice is projected (voice quality). Although we often talk about these as if they were separate, they all work together in combination when we speak, so that difficulties in one area may impact on another, and it is the combined result that makes someone’s pronunciation easy or difficult to understand. Klik to Download Filenya
Shen (2013) accuracy as the use of correct forms where utterances do not contain errors affecting the phonological, syntactic, semantic or discourse features of a language. accuracy refers to the ability to produce grammatically correct sentences. Accuracy is the ability to speak correctly without making serious mistakes and therefore a greater use of instant teacher's correction within a speaking activity is appropriate. Klik to Download Filenya
1. Phonological
Phonemes are the smallest units of language and account for an integral part of school-age language understanding and production. Likewise, the student must listen to speech from teachers and peers during school, which requires phonological processing. The challenge for students in school becomes how phonology relates to reading and writing. Research shows that children with histories of phonological and/or speech sound disorders have more difficulties with acquiring written language skills than non-affected peers. Klik to Download Filenya
2. Syntactic
Syntax is the architecture of words, phrases. and clauses toward the production of the unit known as the sentence. It is this structure that helps define the relationships between words. During the school age years. children use syntax across all four modalities of language. For listening, children must understand and derive meaning from sentences heard: in contrast, for speaking they must produce meaningful sentences for a multitude of reasons. Klik to Download Filenya
3. Semantic or Discourse Features
Semantics is the area of meaning. It might be thought that semantics is covered by the areas of morphology and syntax, but it is quickly seen that this level needs to be studied on its own to have a proper perspective on meaning in language. Here one touches, however, on practically every other level of language as well as there exists lexical, grammatical, sentence and utterance meaning
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