Code Switching
Nguyen
cited in Alhourani (2018; 11) “code switching is occurances that is quite common
in formal as well as informal communicative events that occure in bilingual and
multilingual context”. It means that these cases are usually happen in social life
and code switching usually use in formal and informal situation. Basically,
switching language must master two or more languages.
According
to Hoffman 1991 cited in Citra (2015; 52) states that “Code switching can occur
quite frequently in an informal conversation among people who are familiar and
have a shared educational, ethic, and socio-economic background. It is avoided
in a formal speech situation among people especially to those who have little
in common factors in terms of socio status”.
Hornberger and McKay cited in Widi (2020; 138) defines code switching occurs when there are two or more languages exist in a community and it make speakers frequently switch from one language to another language. Code switching happens in conversation between two speakers. In the latter case, it can occur between sentence (inter- sentential) or within a single sentence (intra- sentential).
Code switching can appear from individual choices or it can be used as primary identity person itself.
The
Types of Code Switching
Code
Switching divided into some types in sociolinguistic. Bloom and Gumprez (1972)
state that “the first linguist who introduce the concept of setting, situation,
and event taken as stages recognized in the statement of personal strategies to
analyze the meaning of choice between the two varieties as example, situational
switching and metaphorical switching”. However the writer used Poplack (1980)
to prove the code switching case in public figures vlog in youtube channel. Poplack
cited in Widi (2020; 183) determined that code switching have three types namely
“Inter-sentential code switching, Intra-sentential code switching,
Extra-sentential/Tag switching”.
a.
Inter-sentential switching
Inter-sentential switching happens when the speaker speaks
clause in one language, and then a uses different clause in a different
language. It is a complete sentence which the utterances consist of two
different sentences in two different languages. According to Poplack (1980), Inter-sentential
switching is a switch at clause or sentence boundary; one clause being in one
language, the order clause in the other. For instance, “baju kamu merah muda, I
like it”. In this statement, we can indentify that sentence is Inter-sentential
switching form. the speaker switches her/his language Indonesia to English language
in a different utterance. In here, the speaker shows his/her ability in mastering
English language towards listener as well. In conclusion, inter-sentential code
switching used to switch between sentence boundaries, where one sentence is in
one language and the other is in another .the speaker or addressee in this situation
is fluent in using both language or at least understands what the speaker says.
b.
Intra-sentential switching
An Intra-sentential code switching is found when a word,
a phrase or clause of a foreign language occurs within the sentence in the base
language. It means that there will probably happen in two languages in one
sentence. Poplack (1980) states that “intra-sentential code switching occurs within
the clause boundary, including the word boundary”. in a sentence , the speaker
adds single word or phrase in different language. for example, ‘apa arti invitation
anak anak? Angkat tangan jika ada yang tahu’ is an intra-sentential code
switching. The word invitation in example has position as noun in English
grammar.
c.
Extra-sentential switching or tag switching
In this part, Poplack (1980) states that Extra-sentential
switching is switching of either a single word or a tag phrase (or both) from one
language to another. This type is common in intra-sentential switches. It
involves the insertion of a tag from one language into an utterance in other
language.
Extra-sentential or
tag switching is a switch where the speaker inserts a tag from one language into
utterance which is entirely in another languages. Extra-sentential switching commonly
is used from other language of foreign language which is inserted in a
conversation between speaker and listener.
Referring towards the statement above, Extra–sentential
switching or Tag switching is simply the insertion of tag in one language in
the utterance from conversation which is entirely in the other language. Usually
this case, we found in daily conversation.
For instance, ‘By the way, simila kok belum datang jug ya’ the word ‘By the way’
is a tag switching. It isn’t occur in the beginning in a sentence. It can be occur
in the end of sentence. Another example “semuanya akan baik baik aja. O.K?” these
are other example of tag switching which it occured in the end of the sentence.
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