Concept of Bilingualism and Multilingualism
In
this globalization era, there many people who are able to speak more than one language,
usually they can speak two languages in one situation. Especially for people
who live in bilingual and multiligual community. A person who called as
bilingualism if the person can speak two different languages, and a person who
can speak more than two different languages is called as multilingualism.
Bhatia
and Ritchie (2013:5) Bilingualism and multilingualism have both de facto existences
and important places in the psychological, political, and social debates that define
social and ethnic groups, communities, and regions. Very widespread phenomena,
they arise for a number of well understood reasons. In the main, however they
are also quite unremarkable phenomena, fuelled by necessity up to, but rarely beyond,
appropriately useful levels of competence. They imply both heightened and lessened
opportunities for interpersonal and intercultural exchange. Multilingual capacities
at an individual leel can obviously broaden posibilities, but a world of many languages
is also pne in which communicative problems exist. In such a world, lingua
francas and translation are required.
Wardhaugh
(2006:96) Monolingualism, that is, the ability to use one language, is such a
widely accepted norm in so many parts of the western world that is often
assumed to be a world wide phenomenon, to the extent that bilingual and
multilingual individuals may appear to unusual. Indeed, we often have mixed
feelings when we discover that someone we meet is fluent in several languages.
Perhaps
a mixture of admiration and envy but also, occasionally, a feeling of
superiority in that many such people are not have native to the culture in which
we function. Such people are likely to be immigrants, visitors, or children of
mixed marriages and it that respect marked in some way, and such marking is not
always regarded favorably.
However,
in many parts of the world an ability to speak more than one language in not all
remarkable. In fact, a monilingual individual would be regarded as a misfit,
lacking in important skill in society, the skill of being able to interact
freeely with the speakers of other languages with whom regular contact is made in
the ordinary business of living. In many parts of the world it is just a normal
requirement of daily living that people speak several language: perhaps one or
more at home, another in the village, still another for purposes of trade, and
yet another for contact with the outside world of wider social or political
organization. These various languages are usually acquired naturally and
unselfconsciously, and the shifts from one to another are made without
hesitation.
People
who are bilingual or multilingual do not neccessarily have exactly the same
abilities in the languages or varieties. In fact, that kind of parity may be
exceptional. Sridhar in Wardhaugh (2006:96) says, multilingualism involving
balanced, native like command of all the languages in the repertoire is rather
uncommon. Typically, multilinguals have varying degrees of command of the
different repertoires. The differences in competence in the various languages
might range from command of a few lexical items, formulaic expressions such as greetings,
and rudimentary conversational skills all the way to excellent command of the grammar
and vocabulary and specialized register and styles. Multilianguals develop
competence in each of the codes to the extent that they need it and for the
contexts in which each of the languages is used. Context determines language
choice. In a society in which more than one language or variety is used you
must find out who uses what, when, and for what purpose if you are to be socially
competent. Your language choice are part of the social identity you claim for yourself.
Wardhaugh
(2006:97) Multilingualism is a norm in this community. It results from pattern of
marriage and the living arrangements consequent to marriage. Communities are multilingual
and no effort is made to suppers the variety of languages that are spoken. It
is actually seen as a source of strength, for it enables the speakers of the various
linguistic communities to maintain contact with one another and provides a source
for suitable marriage partners for those who seek them.
INFO DAN FILE LENGKAPNYA KLIK DI SINI ATAU HUB 085398507498
TERSEDIA JUGA DI CHANNEL YOU TUBE PEJUANG SKRIPSI
