Kinds Strategy of Speech Act.
Köder (2016: 18) Speech
reports are traditionally divided into two fundamentally different types:
direct speech and indirect speech. Linguists typically consider direct speech
a form of quotation (i.e., a form of reference to linguistic
objects like sentences or utterances) and indirect speech an intensional
clausal embedding, syntactically and semantically on a par with
attitude as-criptions (believes that) and modal operators (it is possible that)
1. Direct Speech Act
Directive speech
acts according to
Searle (1979: 13)
asserts that the illocutionary
point of these consists in the fact that they
are attempts (of varying degrees, and
hence, more precisely, they
are determinates of
the determinable which includes
attempting) by the
speaker to get
the hearer to do
something the speakers express what
they want. They
are commands, orders, requests, and suggestions.
Direct speech act generally is the
syntactic form of the utterance
reflects the direct illocutionary act. This utterance is said directly without third person.
The form is used imperative sentence
usually. An example, a mother
asked to the sister,” Sweep the floor, dear!” from the sentence was clear that
the mother asked or command to her child to sweep the floor.
Direct
speech act is
where the utterance
said appropriate with
the function of the sentence. Direct speech act such as a declarative
sentences is to informing
something. For example
utterance “move out that way!”
this utterance said by a speaker to hearer to move from his place. It is clear
and appropriate that
the speaker gives
command to the
hearer. Performatives verb is one of form direct speech act. The verbs
that specify the illocutionary acts
being performed or
the type of
verbs used to
make performative utterances are
called performatives verb.
In other word, performative verb is verb where saying
it or writing it performs the action itself.
The
three characteristics of
performative verb is
the first, performative verbs are
verbs that describe actions carried out by speakers, the second
is they are
used in 1st
person singular, simple
present, indicative, and active,
and the last
is they can
be combined with
hereby. The example of performative verb is promise, request, name,
order, warn, predict, declare or refuse, ask, etc.
In general the syntactic form of an
utterance reflects the direct illocutionary act. The following are the examples:
a. The
moon is the satellite of the earth (declarative)
b. Who
is that woman? (interrogative)
c. Wash
the car! (imperative)
In each of these examples, the syntactic
form of the utterance matches the direct illocutionary act. In (1) a directive form is used to make a statement;
in (2) an interrogative form is used to ask a question and in (3) an imperative
form is used to give an order or make
request. Thus the direct speech act (or direct illocutionary act) is the one that
matches the syntactic form of the utterances, in other word; direct speech act
means that whenever we use language as a means of bringing about some end, this
does not imply some chain of actions.
2. Indirect Speech Act
Altikriti (2011: 1376) In indirect
speech acts the speaker communicates to the hearer more than he actually says by way of
relying on their
mutually shared background
information, both linguistic
and nonlinguistic, together
with the general powers of
rationality and inference on the part of
the hearer.
Indirect speech acts is a
syntactic form of an utterance
does not reflect any indirect
illocutionary act associated
with it or
indirect speech act is
performed indirectly by
way of performing
the literal illocutionary act. Yule’s
opinion (1996:55), he
said that indirect sentence has relationship between a
structure and a function of the
utterance, it s
called indirect speech
act. To make
request sentences can use interrogative structure.
Indirect speech acts are
generally considered more
polite that direct speech act
(Yule, 1996: 56).
In the theory
of speech acts
Searle has introduced the notion
of an indirect speech act. In indirect speech acts the speaker communicates to
the hearer more than he actually says by way of relying on their mutual shared
background information, together of general powers of rationality and inference
of the part of the hearer (Searle 1976). Imperatives verbs is one of indirect
speech act. It performing advice, offer, suggestion, gratitude,
and warning. This
is view examples
of imperatives verb:
a. Advice
Example:
“Don’t worry, they will be all right, as
long as we are together”.
b. Offer
/ Suggestion
Example:
“Come and have breakfast, mate”, he
said.
“Sit down and let’s talk, shall we?”
c. Gratitude
Example:
“Thank you for saying that, darling,”
she said and pressed her lips
to his forehead one last time.
d. Warning
Example:
“Watch it! You’re going off the road!”
“Careful of the wall on your right side,
Nora”.
e. Threat
Example:
“Come! Try! I must really scold you if
you don’t!”
3. Indirect Speech Act
According
to Amelyya (2009: 16), these are four kids of speech act based on the
directness and literalness. Those are
literal and non literal, literal and direct, non literal direct, literal
and indirect. Here are the types of speech acts mentioned by Nirmalasari:
a) Literal
and Direct Speech Act
Suppose
you are in the classroom and your
teacher says, "Open your home". The utterance said by the teacher is
literal and direct speech act. It is literal because the teacher means exactly
what the words say (the eacher wants us to open the book). It is direct because
the teacher uses an imperative structure to perform a direct illocutionary act that is making a
request.
b) Literal
and Indirect Speech Act
Imagine
that next month is your birthday. When you father comes home you say, "I
would like a new motorcycle". In this utterance you make a literal and
indirect speech act. It is literal because you mean what your words say (you
want a new motorcycle as your birthday gift). It is indirect since you use a
declarative sentence to perform a direct illocutionary act of stating and an
indirect illocutionary act of requesting.
c) Non-
Literal and Direct Speech Act
Suppose
Andre and Jack take a heavy and terrible way to reach the top of a hill. Then,
Andre says to jack "this is the new worse way I've ever taken". Jack
responds to Andre's utterance by saying "you can say that again".
Jack does not mean exactly want his words say (he does not want Andrew to
repeat his statement). It is direct because Jack uses a declarative form to
perform a direct illocutionary act of
making a statement (Jack agrees with Andre's comment on the way).
d) Non-Literal
and Indirect Speech Acts
For
instance, you listen to a radio by turning in very loud volume then your
brother comes, in and says, "Could you increase your radio volume?"
this is a non literal and indirect speech act. It is non literal since your
brother does not mean what his utterance says (he does not want to increase the
radio volume). It is indirect because he uses on interrogative structure to
perform an iilocutionary act of making a request (he wants go to decrease the
radio volume).
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