Definition
of Problem Solving Technique
Based on Gok and
Silay (2010: 7) One of the fundamental achievements of education is to enable
students to use their knowledge in problem solving, problem solving refers to
the effort needed in achieving a goal or finding a solution when no automatic
solution is available
Kerns and Mendelson
(2006: 9) defines the Problem Solving is a technique to helps of develop the communicative
competence and critical thinking skills. It uses students' concerns and
problems as a subject for discussion. Students practice language skills by
making informed decisions based on a variety of solutions and their
consequences.
DeWitt, Alias and Siraj
(2014: 2) point out that the problem solving is not an easy task as it requires
higher order thinking skills. In Bloom’s taxonomy, problem solving is
categorised at the highest level of cognitive knowledge. Problem solving is an important
skill as it enables students to critically evaluate arguments, and to develop and
support their own arguments.
According to
Mataka et. al (2014: 164) among the lifelong learning skills that
students of all ages need to acquire is problem-solving, a problem is whenever there is a gap
between where you are now and where you want to be, and you don't know how to find
a way to cross that gap. Therefore,
finding this ‘way’ is an important part of problem solving. In addition Imane (2016: 34) defines problems in
speaking related to behavior and psychology such as difficulty to work in
groups , anxiety , low self confidence , shyness , the fear of talking in front
of audience...
In addition Kirkley
(2013: 3) problem solving was viewed as a mechanical, systematic, and often
abstract (decontextualized) set of skills, such as those used to solve riddles
or mathematical equations. These problems often have correct answers that are
based on logical solutions with a single correct answer (convergent reasoning).
Under the influence of cognitive learning theories, problem solving shifted to
represent a complex mental activity consisting of a variety of cognitive skills
and actions. Problem solving included higher order thinking skills such as
"visualization, association, abstraction, comprehension, manipulation,
reasoning, analysis, synthesis, generalization each needing to be 'managed' and
'coordinated'
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