Concept of Speech Act
Language is
inseparable part in or everyday
life. It is
main device to convey
message, communicate ideas
opinions and thought.
In spesific situation there are
moment we need
to be understood
language quite correctly, Dylgjeri (2017: 21-22) people perform
various actions through
the use of
words and when
utterances are made, a particular
act is performed; this is called Speech act. The Speech Acts theory is also
described as “How to Do Things with Words Theory” since it has its roots in the
work of Austin (1962) and Searle (1969). They are able to provide a shift from
constative notion to performative
notion in the
empirical verifiability of
signs; that is,
the truthfulness of signs to what an expression does when it is
uttered.
Speech acts
according to Austin
(1962) fall into
three classes, which
are: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. A locutionary
act is an act of saying something;
that is, the
act of producing
an utterance. Illocutionary
acts are the
core of any theory
of speech acts.
The perculotionary act
is the effect
or influence on the
feelings, thoughts or
actions of the
listener/hearer unlike locutionary
acts. Perlocutionary acts could
be inspiring, persuading,
consoling, promising, encouraging etc. It brings about an effect
upon the beliefs, attitudes or behaviours of the addressee. There are three
different kinds of action associated with any utterances. They are locutionary
acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts.
1. Locutionary
Acts
They are simple acts of saying something
and meaning the thing speaker says or the acts of saying something in the full
normal sense of saying. Or the actual words uttered.
2. Illocutionary
acts
They are what are done in the acts of
saying something. Illocutionary acts have to do with intents of speakers, such
as or stating, questioning, promising, or commanding.
3. Perlocutionary
acts
They are the effects that are produced
by the speaker by saying what the speaker says. Sometimes when we say
something, we produce certain consequential effects upon the feelings, through,
or action of the hearer, or of the speaker or of other person.
Searle (1969) improves
on Austin’s (1962) Speech Act theory by distinguishing between two
types of speech
acts: Direct and
Indirect Speech Acts.
Searle (1969) categorizes the
illocutionary act into five classes:
1. Assertives: These are statements that describe a state of affairs in the world which could be true or false. They commit a speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition.
2. Directives: These are statements that compel or make another person’s action fit the propositional element. It is usually used to give order thereby causing the hearer to take a particular action, request, command or advice.
3. Commisives: These statements commit the speaker to certain future action. It could be in the form of a promise.
4. Expressives: The purpose of expressive statements is to express sincerity of the speech act like excuses and sympathy.
5. Declaratives: These statements are used to say something and make it so, such as pronouncing someone guilty and declaring a war.
The application
of the Speech
Act theory in
the analysis will
allow in depth research into the
linguistic features that have been explored by the speaker to inculcate meaning
into the formal linguistic properties of the selected speech.
To make
clear about the meaning from
the utterance, Searle
(1976) proposed that speech
act could be
grouped into general
categories based on the
relation of word
and world. There
are five basic
kinds of actions
that one can perform
on speaking or
utterance, by means
of the following
types: representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and
declaratives.
1. Representatives
Representatives in
Yule (1996 :53)
tells about the
truthfully of the utterance. In
other words, it presents external
reality by making
their utterance or words fit with the world as they belive it to be.
Searle used the term “assertive” in
stating this category.
In my point
of view, representatives are
statement which commits
the speaker to
something being the case.
This type performs
action such as:
stating, describing,
affirming, boasting, concluding,
claiming, and etc.
For example: “no one can make a better cake than me”, this
utterance is a
representatives that utterance
was stating some general truth.
2. Directives
This
second category means
that speakers direct
the hearer to perform some future act which will make
the world fit wit the speaker’s words.
In my assumption,
the utterancce in this category
attempt to make
the addressee perform
an action. Directives perform commanding, ordering,
requesting, warning, suggesting, inviting, and etc. For example, because the
garage was mess. Ed said to Fey “clean it up!” it’s mean that Ed commanding Fey
to clean the mess.
3. Commissives
In
commissive, speakers commit
themselves to a
future act which make
the words fit
their words. They
express what speaker
intends (Yule, 1996 :54). Commissives is the utterance is produces to
give action in the
future. They are
promising, vowing, planning,
threatening, offering, and etc.
They can be
performed by the
speaker alone, or by
speaker as a
member of a group. “I’ll take her to the doctor” it
is the example of planning. The
situation is Steve’s cat named Coco is sick, and he will take Coco to the vet
to check her.
4. Expressives
Searle make a one category for speech
act that focus on primarily on representing the speaker’s feeling, it was
expressive. Expressive use
the speaker makes words
fit the world(of
feeling). They express
a psychological state (Yule, 1996 :53-54). The expressions such as
thanking, apologizing, welcoming, condoling,
pleasuring, like, dislike,
joying, etc. In my oipinion,
expressive is kind of speech act that expressing of feeling. “I’m really
sorry!” is the example of apologizing in expressives types. It reflect that the speaker require some
apologizing to hearer.
5. Declaratives
This
kind of speech
act is quite
special, because the
speaker utters words or
statement that in
themselve change the
world via words
(Yule, 1996 :53). Declarations
which effect immediate
changes in the institutional state
of affairs and
which tend to
rely on elaborate
extra linguistic institutions with George Yule’s ideas that
this category was
special because it
can change something
in reality. The paradigm cases are: excommunicating, declaration war,
firing, christening, etc. For
example utterance : “I
pronounce you husband
and wife”. This utterance by a priest to declarate a man and a women maarige
and become a husband and wife (Yule, 1996 :53).
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