Brief History of Internet
The
Internet had its roots during the 1960's as a project of the United States government's
Department of Defense, to create a non-centralized network. This project was
called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), created by the Pentagon's
Advanced Research Projects Agency established in 1969 to provide a secure and
survivable communications network for organizations engaged in defense-related
research.
In
order to make the network more global a new sophisticated and standard protocol
was needed. They developed IP (Internet Protocol) technology which defined how
electronic messages were packaged, addressed, and sent over the network. The
standard protocol was invented in 1977 and was called TCP/IP (Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP allowed users to link various
branches of other complex networks directly to the ARPANET, which soon came to
be called the Internet.
Researchers
and academics in other fields began to make use of the network, and eventually
the National Science Foundation (NSF), which had created a similar and parallel
network, called NSFNet, took over much of the TCP/IP technology from ARPANET
and established a distributed network of networks capable of handling far
greater traffic. In 1985, NSF began a program to establish Internet access
across the United States. They created a backbone called the NSFNET and opened
their doors to all educational facilities, academic researchers, government
agencies, and international research organizations. By the 1990's the Internet
experienced explosive growth. It is estimated that the number of computers
connected to the Internet was doubling every year.
Businesses
rapidly realized that, by making effective use of the Internet they could tune
their operations and offer new and better services to their customers, so they
started spending vast amounts of money to develop and enhance the Internet.
This generated violent competition among the communications carriers and
hardware and software suppliers to meet this demand. The result is that
bandwidth (i.e., the information carrying capacity of communications lines) on
the Internet has increased tremendously and costs have dropped. It is widely
believed that the Internet has played a significant role in the economic success.
The
World Wide Web (WWW) allows computer users to position and view
multimedia-based documents (i.e., documents with text, graphics, animations,
audios and/or videos) on almost any subject. Even though the Internet was
developed more than three decades ago, the introduction of the WWW was a
relatively recent event. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (the European
Laboratory for Particle Physics) developed the World Wide Web and several communication
protocols that form the backbone of the WWW.
The
Internet and the World Wide Web will surely be listed among the most
significant and profound creations of humankind. In the past, most computer
applications ran on stand alone computers. (i.e., computers that were not
connected to one another) Today’s applications can be written to communicate
among the world’s hundreds of millions of computers. The Internet makes our
work easier by mixing computing and communications technologies. It makes
information immediately and conveniently accessible worldwide. It makes it
possible for individuals and small businesses to get worldwide contact.
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