Aspect of Speaking Skill
Bashir, Azeem & Dogar (2011:
38) Many language learners
regard speaking ability
as the measure
of knowing a
language. These learners define fluency as the ability to converse with
others, much more than the ability to
read, write, or
comprehend oral language.
They regard speaking
as the most
important skill they can
acquire, and they
assess their progress
in terms of their accomplishments in
spoken communication. Language learners need to recognize that speaking
involves three areas of knowledge:
1) Mechanics
(pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary): Using the right words in the right
order with the correct pronunciation
2) Functions (transaction
and interaction): Knowing
when clarity of
message is essential (transaction/information exchange)
and when precise
understanding is not
required (interaction/relationship building)
3) Social
and cultural rules and norms (turn-taking, rate of speech, length of pauses
between speakers, relative roles
of participants): Understanding
how to take
into account who is
speaking to whom. in what circumstances, about what, and for what reason.
Torky (2006: 30) Speaking is
defined operationally in this study as the secondary stage students' ability to
express themselves orally, coherently, fluently and appropriately in a given
meaningful context to serve both transactional and interactional purposed using
correct pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary and adopting the pragmatic and
discourse rules of the spoke language. In other words they are required to show
mastery of the following sub competencies/ skills:
1) Linguistic
competence: This includes the following skills:
a)
Using intelligible pronunciation.ƒ
b)
Following grammatical rules accurately.
c)
Using relevant, adequate and appropriate
range of vocabulary.
2) Discourse
competence: This includes the following skills:
a)
Structuring discourse coherently and
cohesively
b)
Managing conversation
and interacting effectively to keep the conversation going.
3) Pragmatic
competence: This includes the following skill:
a)
Expressing a range of functions
effectively and appropriately according to the context and register.
b)
Fluency: This means speaking fluently
demonstrating a reasonable rate of speech.
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