Kinds of Paragraph Writing (Kinds of Text)

Kinds of Paragraph Writing

            There are several types of the paragraph. The arrangement of sentences and detail depend on the writers’ purpose. Based on the school based curriculum, there are some genres of writing namely: descriptive, narrative, recount, report, discussion, explanation, news item, anecdote, procedure and review paragraph.

Descriptive Paragraph

Descriptive is a paragraph that is used to describe a particular person, place or thing. A descriptive paragraph explains how something or someone looks or feels (Zemach and Rumisek, 2005:11). Savage and Shafiei (2007:2) state that descriptive paragraph is the paragraph in which the writers describe a person, a place and a thing. Descriptive paragraph has two generic structures such as: identification and description. In identification, the writers identifies phenomenon to be described. In description, the writers vividly describe the parts, qualities, and characteristics of something or someone being described.

Narrative Paragraph

Narrative paragraph is the paragraph which tells us about the past problematic events or experiences. Narrative paragraph writing can be in the form of fiction such as folk tale, fairy tale and legend or non-fiction such as the story about our experiences. Richards and Schmidt (2002:231) state that chronological transitions, the use of personal pronoun, and specific uses of present, past and past progressive tense often occur in narrative paragraph writing. The generic structures of narrative paragraph are orientation, complication and resolution.

Report Paragraph

            Report is used to describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, man, mode and social phenomena in our environment. Brindley (2005:155) states that report text is typically chronological. Characteristics of report text are focusing on generic participants, using simple present tense, and using no temporal sequence. According to Richards and Schmidt (2002:225) generic structures of this paragraph namely general classification and description. General classification tells what phenomenon under discussion is and the description tells what phenomenon under discussion is like of parts, qualities, and habits or behaviors. The report text is more general than the description text.

Recount Paragraph

Recount is the paragraph that the social function is used to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining. Richards (2004:34) states that there are two kinds of recount, namely factual recount such as magazines and articles and personal recount such as diary, biographies and autobiographies. According to Brindley (2005:170) recount is a simple sequential retelling of events. The characteristics of this paragraph are using past tense, focusing on specific participants and focusing on temporal sequence. Recount paragraph has the generic structures such as: orientation, events and reorientation. Orientation provides the setting and introduces participants in the paragraph. Events tell what happened and in what sequence. Reorientation tells us about optional closure of events, commonly the comment of the writers about the events.

Discussion Paragraph

Discussion paragraph is used to present at least two points of view about an issue. According to Anderson and Anderson (1998:19) discussion text gives the for and against, the positive and negative, or the good and the bad points. The generic structures of discussion paragraph are issue, arguments and conclusion or recommendation. The issue consists of statement and preview. The arguments for an against statement of differing points of views that consist of the point and elaboration. Conclusion or recommendation consists of the conclusion of the discussion and recommendation for the issue being discussed.

Explanation Paragraph

Explanation paragraph is used to explain the processes involved in the formation or workings of natural or sociocultural phenomena. Taylor (2009:31) states that that there are four kinds of explanation namely causal explanation which explains about cause of the events or phenomenon, purposive explanation which explains about reason, aim, purpose or intention of the events, functional explanation which explains about the function of something and structural explanation which explains about the rule and structure of something. The Characteristics of this paragraph are focusing on generic non-human participants, using mainly of material and relation processes, using mainly of temporal and causal circumstances and conjunction, and using some of passive voice to get a right theme. Generic structures of explanation paragraph are a general statement to position the readers and a sequence of explanation of why or how something occurs. The core of explanation is to explain something.

 News Item Paragraph

News Item is used to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Broughton et al. (2003:86) state that generic structure of news item such as: newsworthy events, background and sources. Newsworthy events consist of recounts the events in summary form. Background events elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances. Sources are comments by participant in the event, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event. Broughton et al. (2003:86) state that the ability to narrate events is a useful skill to acquire the news item text.

 Anecdote Paragraph

Anecdote is the paragraph that is used to share the account of unusual and amusing incidents. Brown (2004:189) states that anecdote is kind of paragraphs which interact the readers; moreover, anecdote brings the leader to the psycholinguistic sense. As quoted from Broughton et al. (2003:96) that anecdote may be recounted to support a contention, emotion may be deliberately invoked to inadequate reasoning. The generic structures of anecdote paragraph are abstract, orientation, crisis, reactions and coda. Abstract signals the retelling of an unusual incident. Orientation sets the necessary information of participants, time and situation. Crisis is the conflict of the anecdote paragraph. Reactions are the reaction to crisis and coda is optional-reflection or evaluation of the incident.

 Procedure Paragraph

Procedure is the paragraph which describes how something is accomplished through a sequence steps. Anderson and Anderson (1998:28) state that procedure is a piece of text that tells the readers or listener about how to make something or how to do something in a particular sequence. The generic structures of procedure paragraph can be vividly divided into three parts namely goal, material and step. The goal is showing the purpose of the procedure paragraph. The material describes the needed materials that will be going to use to make something. Steps are the part of procedure paragraph which tells about the phases of making something or doing something in a sequence.

 Review Paragraph

Review is kind of paragraphs which has the social function to criticize an art work public audience. The generic structures of review text are orientation, interpretive recount and evaluative summation. Fulwiler (2002:109) states that there are some considerations should bear in mind when you review a work namely providing all necessary factual information, provide background information, the orientation places the work in its general and particular context often by comparing it with others. Interpretive recount provides the summary of plot and an account of how the reviewed rendition of the work. Evaluative summation is the last part that consists of kind of punch line which sums up the reviewer’s opinion of the art being reviewed by the writers. Taylor (2009:240) states that reviewing a book to evaluate the author’s contribution based on your own understanding of the subject within the context of the other works.

There are some genres of paragraph as stated above; furthermore, the paragraph has their own generic structures and functions. In this study the researcher only focuses on descriptive paragraph.

Descriptive Paragraph

Descriptive is a kind of paragraph that is used to describe a particular person, place or thing. A descriptive paragraph explains how something or someone looks or feels (Zemach and Rumisek, 2005:11). Savage and Shafiei (2007:2) state that descriptive paragraph is the paragraph in which the writers describe a person, a place and a thing. Descriptive paragraph has two generic structures such as: identification and description.

In identification, the writers identifies phenomenon to be described. The phenomenon identified to be able to describe later in the next structure. In description, the writers vividly describe the parts, qualities, and characteristics of something or someone being described. The description should be clear and systematically arranged by its parts.

In the relation of this study, the descriptive paragraph that will be taught to the students is descriptive paragraph which tells us about past particular person or something. To avoid misunderstanding of the readers, the researcher then considers the research on descriptive paragraph which has the generic structures namely identification and description.

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