Kinds
of Motivation
According
to Gardner and Lambert (1985), there are two types of motivation:
integrative and
instrumental. The integrative
motivation means learning the language with the intention of participating in
the culture of its people. And
instrumental motivation suggests
and implies that a learner
learns the language
in support of
a purpose relating to occupation
or further useful motive. These two types of motivation can affect and control
the procedure and outcome of learning. further believes that the integrative
and instrumental motivation suggested by Gardner and Lambert is useful and
effective factor for second language learning.
Richard
and Edward (1999) types the motivation in Intrinsic and extrinsic types motivation
there are
a. Intrinsic
and motivation
Intrinsic motivation is defined as
the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions rather than for some
separable consequence. When intrinsically motivated a person is moved to act
for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external prods,
pressures, or rewards. The phenomenon of intrinsic motivation was first
acknowledged within experimental studies of animal behavior, where it was
discovered that many organisms engage in exploratory, playful, and
curiosity-driven behaviors even in the absence of reinforcement or reward.
The operational definition of Intrinsic
motivation has been operationally defined in various ways, al-though there have
been two measures that have been most often used
b. Extrinsic
motivation
Although intrinsic motivation is
clearly an important type of motivation, most of the activities people do are
not, strictly speaking, intrinsically motivated. This is especially the case
after early childhood, as the freedom to be intrinsically motivated becomes
increasingly curtailed by social demands and roles that require individuals to
assume responsibility for non intrinsically interesting tasks. In schools, for
example, it appears that intrinsic motivation becomes weaker with each
advancing grade.
Extrinsic motivation is a construct
that pertains whenever an activity is done in order to attain some separable
outcome. Extrinsic motivation thus contrasts with intrinsic motivation, which
refers to doing an activity simply for the enjoyment of the activity itself,
rather than its instrumental value.
