COMMUNICATIVE
LANGUAGE TEACHING METHOD (CLT) IN LISTENING
Wilikins
(1972) claimed that a functional and communicative definition of language could
actually help develop communicative syllabi for language teaching, while Firth
(1950) suggested that a broader sociocultural context, which included
participants, their behaviour and beliefs, objects of linguistic discussion and
a word choice, should also be taken into consideration while teaching any
language. Other theorists (Canale and Swain 1980; Widdowson 1989; Halliday
1970) also stressed the importance of communicative approach to language
teaching, particularly the communicative acts underlying the ability to use
language for different purposes and the relationship between linguistic systems
and their communicative values in texts and discourses.
A theory of language as
communication lies at the very core of the CLT. Hymes (1972) advanced the
notions of "competence" and "performance" introduced by
Chomsky in the 1960s and stated that the goal of language teaching was to
develop "communi-cative competence", which implied acquiring both an
ability and knowledge to use lan-guage. In other words, communicative
competence considers language as a tool used for communication. Not only does
this competence aim to focus on the development of four language skills, but it
also depends on the correlation between the skills. Canale and Swain (1980)
claimed that it was common to use the term "communicative competence"
to refer exclusively to grammatical competence. Yet, it is worth observing that
the phrase "communicative competence" was also used to relate to the
psychological, cultural and social rules which discipline the use of speech
(Hedge 2000). Therefore, the communicative approach, which challenged the
prevalent audio-lingual method, promoted the idea that social and cultural
knowledge were necessary prerequisites for understanding and using linguistic
forms
Furthermore, communicative language
teaching Approach represents the use of counseling-learning theory to teach
languages.
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