CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
English is one of the
language in the world that has an important role for communication. It has used
as an international language in all over the world. It is important for us to
learn it. English is a
compulsory subject in both public and private school that function as a means
of the advancing student in, science, Technology and culture. In Indonesia,
English is taught from junior high school up to university. Levels even taught
it also taught to some elementary school as an optional subject.
There are four skill taught in English
subject namely: Speaking, Writing, Reading and Listening. Ji Lingzu
(2003:3) state that listening there are also two simultaneous and complementary
ways of processing a text. In top down processing, learners rely on their
linguistic knowledge to recognize linguistic elements: vowels,
consonants, word, sentences to do the construction of meaning.
Teacher often think that learners hear every
sounds, or sentences before they understand the general meaning of the passage.
However, in practice they often adopt a top-down approach to predict the
probable theme and then move to the bottom-up approach to check their
understanding.
Top-Down processing strategy is
more concerned with the activation of schemata, deriving meaning, global
understanding of a text. Bottom-up processing typically focuses on
sound, word, intonation, grammatical structure and other components of spoken
language. (Nunan,P: 1989)
Top-Down processing utilizes internal,
high-level of the acoustic environment and prior knowledge of properties and
dependencies of the object in it. This approach is double-called
prediction-driven processing, because it is strongly depending on the
prediction of an abstracted on internal model and on the prior knowledge of the
sound source. (Ellis: 1996). Bottom up processing on the other hand, is text
based on which the listener realize on the language in the massage that is the
combination of sounds, words and grammar that creates meaning “(Goa,2003: 4).
In other word words bottom up processing refers to driving the meaning of
the text based????????????????????????
INFO LEBIH LANJUT SILAHKAN KONTAK ADMIN ATAU
KLIK PEMESANAN
