CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
English is one of the languages in the world that has an important role for
communication. It has used as an international language in all over the world.
It is important for us to learn it. English is a compulsory subject in both
public and private school that function as a means of advancing students in
science, Technology and culture. In Indonesia, English is taught from junior
high school up to university. Levels even taught it also taught to some
elementary school as an optional subject.
There are four
skills taught in English subject namely: Speaking, Writing, Reading and
Listening. Ji Lingzu (2003) State that listening there are also two
simultaneous and complementary ways of processing a text. In Top-Down
processing, learners rely on their linguistic knowledge to recognize linguistic
elements: vowels, consonants, words, sentences to do the constructions of
meaning.
Teacher often
think that learners hear every sounds, words or sentences before they
understand the general meaning of the passage. However, in practice, they often
adopt a top-down approach to predict the probable theme and then move to the
bottom-up approach to check their understanding.
Top- Down
processing strategy is more concerned with the activation of schemata, deriving
meaning, global understanding, and interpretation of a text. Bottom-Up
processing typically focuses on sounds, words, intonation, grammatical
structure and other components of spoken
language. (Nunan,P: 1989).
Top-Down
processing utilizes internal, high-level of the acoustic environment and prior
knowledge of properties and dependencies of the object in it. This approach is
double-called prediction-driven processing, because it is strongly
depending on the prediction of an abstracted on internal model and on the prior
knowledge of the sounds source. ( Ellis: 1996).
According to
Agus (1998). The purpose of listening and is to inform our selves about
something we are interested in or challenge our knowledge on certain master .In
other words, we will extend our experience of the world. Listening as one
of the four language skill is a part of oral and receptive skills. This is a
very essential component in communication; because we cannot catch someone
transmitted to us if we do not have good listening ability.
Some teachers
think that listening is the easiest skill to teach, were as most students think
it is the most difficult to improve. According Ramayanti Rasyid S.Pd. (English teacher at SMP
Muhammadiyah 5 Marison) that value average of students’ listening at class IX A
is 4,8 while the standard curriculum is 7.0. Therefore, the researcher wants to solve
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