CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
English is one of the language in the
world that has an important role for communication. It has used as an
international language in all over the world. It is important for us to learn
it. English is a compulsory
subject in both public and private school that function as a means of the
advancing student in, science, Technology and culture. In Indonesia, English is
taught from junior high school up to university. Levels even taught it also
taught to some elementary school as an optional subject.
There are four skill taught in English
subject namely: Speaking, Writing, Reading and Listening. Ji Lingzu
(2003:3) state that listening there are also two simultaneous and complementary
ways of processing a text. In top down processing, learners rely on their
linguistic knowledge to recognize linguistic elements: vowels, consonants,
word, sentences to do the construction of meaning.
Teacher often think that learners hear
every sounds, or sentences before they understand the general meaning of
the passage. However, in practice they often adopt a top-down approach to
predict the probable theme and then move to the bottom-up approach to check
their understanding.
Top-Down processing strategy is more
concerned with the activation of schemata, deriving meaning, global
understanding of a text. Bottom-up processing typically focuses on
sound, word, intonation, grammatical structure and other components of spoken
language. (Nunan,P: 1989)
Top-Down processing utilizes internal,
high-level of the acoustic environment and prior knowledge of properties and
dependencies of the object in it. This approach is double-called
prediction-driven processing, because it is strongly depending on the
prediction of an abstracted on internal model and on the prior knowledge of the
sound source. (Ellis: 1996). Bottom up processing on the other hand, is text based
on which the listener realize on the language in the massage that is the
combination of sounds, words and grammar that creates meaning “(Goa,2003: 4).
In other word words bottom up processing refers to driving the meaning of
the text based on the incoming language data , sounds, and grammar relationship
to meaning.
The purpose of listening and is to inform
our selves about something we are interested in or challenge our knowledge on
certain master. In other words, we will extend our experience of the world.
Listening as one of the four language
skill is a part of oral and receptive skills. This is a very essential
component in communication: because we cannot catch someone transmitted to us
if we do not have good listening ability.
Related to the statements above, the
researcher did pre- observation that is done at??????????
