CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
English is one of the languages
in the world that has an important role for communication. It has used as an
international language in all over the world. It is important for us to learn
it.
English is a compulsory subject in both public and
private school that function as a means of advancing students in science,
Technology and culture. In Indonesia, English is taught from junior high school
up to university. Levels even taught it also taught to some elementary school
as an optional subject.
There are four skills taught in English
subject namely: Speaking, Writing, Reading and Listening. Ji Lingzu (2003)
State that listening there are also two simultaneous and complementary ways of
processing a text. In Top-Down processing, learners rely on their linguistic
knowledge to recognize linguistic elements: vowels, consonants, words,
sentences to do the constructions of meaning.
Teacher often think that learners
hear every sounds, words or sentences before they understand the general
meaning of the passage. However, in practice, they often adopt a top-down
approach to predict the probable theme and then move to the bottom-up approach
to check their understanding.
Top- Down processing strategy is more concerned with the
activation of schemata, deriving meaning, global understanding, and
interpretation of a text. Bottom-Up
processing typically focuses on sounds, words, intonation, grammatical
structure and other components of spoken language. (Nunan,P: 1989).
Top-Down processing utilizes internal, high-level of the
acoustic environment and prior knowledge of properties and dependencies of the
object in it. This approach is double-called prediction-driven processing, because it is strongly depending on
the prediction of an abstracted on internal model and on the prior knowledge of
the sounds source. ( Ellis: 1996).
According to Agus (1998). The purpose of listening
and is to inform our selves about something we are interested in or challenge
our knowledge on certain master .In other words, we will extend our experience
of the world.
Listening as one of the four language skill is
a part of oral and receptive skills. This is a very essential component in
communication; because we cannot catch someone transmitted to us if we do not
have good listening ability.
Some teachers think that listening
is the easiest skill to teach, were as most students think it is the most
difficult to improve. According
Ramayanti Rasyid S.Pd. (English teacher at SMP
Muhammadiyah 5 Marison) that value average of students’ listening at class IX A
is 4,8 while the standard curriculum is 7.0. Therefore, the researcher wants to solve this??????????????????????????????????????
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