CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
English is one
of the language in the world that has an important role for communication. It
has used as an international language in all over the world. It is important
for us to learn it.
English
is a compulsory subject in both public and private school that function as a
means of the advancing student in, science, Technology and culture. In
Indonesia, English is taught from junior high school up to university. Levels even
taught it also taught to some elementary school as an optional subject.
There
are four skill taught in English subject namely: Speaking, Writing, Reading and
Listening. Ji Lingzu (2003:3) state that
listening there are also two simultaneous and complementary ways of processing
a text. In top down processing, learners rely on their linguistic knowledge to
recognize linguistic elements: vowels, consonants, word, sentences to do the
construction of meaning.
Teacher often think that learners
hear every sounds, or sentences before they understand the general meaning of
the passage. However, in practice they often adopt a top-down approach to
predict the probable theme and then move to the bottom-up approach to check
their understanding.
Top-Down
processing strategy is more concerned with the activation of schemata, deriving
meaning, global understanding of a text. Bottom-up processing
typically focuses on sound, word, intonation, grammatical structure and
other components of spoken language. (Nunan,P: 1989)
Top-Down processing utilizes
internal, high-level of the acoustic environment and prior knowledge of
properties and dependencies of the object in it. This approach is double-called
prediction-driven processing, because it is strongly depending on the
prediction of an abstracted on internal model and on the prior knowledge of the
sound source. (Ellis: 1996). Bottom up processing on the other hand, is text
based on which the listener realize on the language in the massage that is the
combination of sounds, words and grammar that creates meaning “(Goa,2003: 4).
In other word words bottom up processing
refers to driving the meaning of the text based????????????????????????
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