and procedures of the Direct Method, in part as a reaction to the lack of speaking skills of the
Reading Approach.
New material is presented in the form of a dialogue. Based on the principle that language learning is
habit formation, the method fosters dependence on mimicry, memorization of set phrases and over
learning. Structures are sequenced and taught one at a time. Structural patterns are taught using
repetitive drills. Little or no grammatical explanations are provided; grammar is taught inductively.
Skills are sequenced: Listening, speaking, reading and writing are developed in order. Vocabulary is
strictly limited and learned in context. Teaching points are determined by contrastive analysis
between L1 and L2. There is abundant use of language laboratories, tapes and visual aids. There is
an extended prereading period at the beginning of the course. Great importance is given to precise
nativelike pronunciation. Use of the mother tongue by the teacher is permitted, but discouraged
among and by the students. Successful responses are reinforced; great care is taken to prevent
learner errors. There is a tendency to focus on manipulation of the target language and to disregard
content and meaning.
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